Efficient uptake and presentation of VP6 by dendritic cells was demonstrated in vitro. IgG antibodies and their blocking activity were analyzed using vaccine-homologous Ifosfamide and heterologous NoV VLPs. Immunization with 0.3 g NoV VLPs alone was insufficient to induce NoV-specific immune responses, but with co-administration of 10 g of VP6, antibodies against vaccine-derived and heterologous NoV genotypes were generated. Furthermore, corresponding adjuvant effect of VP6 was observed with 1 g dose. Efficient uptake and presentation of VP6 by dendritic cells was exhibited in vitro. These results show that adjuvant effect of VP6 Ifosfamide on bivalent NoV VLP vaccine is usually independent of the cell source utilized for vaccine production. (expression system. Furthermore, in vitro assays using mouse main bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were performed to test plant-derived VP6 conversation with antigen-presenting cells (APC). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Recombinant Proteins Plant-derived GI.4 and GII.4-2006a NoV VLPs and RV VP6 were expressed in plants using magnICON? vector based on a tobacco mosaic computer virus (TMV) RNA replicon system, purified and characterized by ICON Genetics GmbH (Halle, Germany) [27,28,29,30]. Briefly, plants were vacuum-infiltrated (80C100 mbar for 3C4 min) with diluted cultures with TMV-based put together magnICON? vectors transporting codon-optimized VP1 (GI.4 or GII.4-2006a) or VP6 DNA cloned for expression and plant material was harvested 6C14 days post infiltration. Biomass was homogenized and clarified by centrifugation (20 min 15,000 (magnICON?) served as a Ifosfamide control antigen for immunological assays. Other NoV protein antigens utilized for analytical methods; GI.1, GI.3, GII.4-1999, GII.4-2010 NO, GII.4-2012 Sydney, and GII.12 VLPs, were produced in Sf9-cells utilizing baculovirus-insect cell expression system, purified and characterized as described earlier by our group [7,31,32]. 2.2. Immunization of Mice The groups of five female BALB/c OlaHsd mice (Envigo, Horst, The Netherlands) 7 weeks of age, were utilized for experimental and control immunizations according to Table 1. Vaccine formulations were administrated intradermally (ID) at the base of the tail, dorsal side of the mouse. Mice were immunized twice at day 0 and day 21 and terminated at day 35, according to our standard process [7,8,22]. Two different doses (0.3 g or 1 g) of a bivalent combination of GI.4 and GII.4-2006a NoV VLPs were tested alone (Gr I and III, Table 1), or mixed with RV VP6. The adjuvant effect of RV VP6 was first evaluated by combining 10 g VP6 with suboptimal doses of NoV VLPs (0.3 g, Gr II) and then by administrating equivalent amounts (1 g) of each antigen Ifosfamide as a mixture (Gr IV). Control mice (Gr V) received 50 L of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) carrier only. Table 1 Experimental and control groups of immunized mice. Mice were immunized intradermally (ID) at day 0 and 21 with the indicated dose at a volume of 50 L/injection and terminated at day 35. were tested accordingly on plates coated with 2 g/mL with mock preparation (magnICON?). To measure cross-reactive NoV-specific IgG antibodies in the termination sera, group-wise pooled sera were 1:200 diluted and analyzed on plates coated with 1.0 g/mL of baculovirus-produced GI.1, GI.3, GII.4-1999, GII.4-2010 New Orleans (NO), GII.4-2012 Sydney (SYD), or GII.12 VLPs following the process described above. 2.4. Blocking Assays The presence of serum IgG antibodies Ifosfamide that block binding of NoV VLPs to the HBGA carbohydrates were decided in ELISA-based blocking assay according to previously published protocols [23]. Group-wise pooled mouse sera were examined for capability to block VLP binding on HBGAs present in pig gastric mucin (PGM, type III, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA, Cat. M1778) [23,34]. Serum two-fold dilutions were pre-incubated with 0.1 g/mL GI.4 or GII.4-2006a NoV VLPs in sample buffer (1% milk in PBS + 0.05% tween) prior to plating on PGM-coated (2 g/mL) SEB and blocked (5% milk in PBS) microwell plates (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA, Cat. 3690). Following 1 h incubation at +37 C, bound VLPs were detected with rabbit polyclonal anti-NoV antisera (ICON Genetics, Halle, Germany) followed by anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat. ab97051) and OPD substrate. Maximum HBGA binding of VLPs was decided in wells with VLPs lacking the serum. The blocking index (%) was calculated as follows: 100% ? [(OD490 of wells with VLP and serum/OD490 of maximum binding wells) .
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